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Merchant submarine
Germany
Summary
Only two merchant submarines have historically been built, both in Germany during the First World War I. They were built to slip through the naval blockade of the Triple Entente, performed mainly by the efforts of the Royal Navy of Britain. The British blockade led to great difficulties for German companies to acquire the raw materials that were not found in quantity in the German sphere of influence and therefore was an obstacle to the German war effort substantially.
The submarines were built in 1916 by a private shipping company established for the company, Deutsche Ozean-Reederei, a subsidiary of the shipping company North German Lloyd (now Hapag-Lloyd) and Deutsche Bank. They were intended to follow the path of Germany to the U.S. neutral, bringing back the raw materials needed. Because the U.S. would not have enough profit to receive the German currency, the ships were to conduct trade in goods in both directions.
Britain soon with the U.S. protested against the use of merchant ships and submarines, arguing that it can not be stopped and inspected for munitions in the same manner as other vessels. The U.S., under diplomatic pressure for allegedly showing favoritism while if declared neutral, rejected the argument. Even submarines while they were unarmed, were to be considered a merchant ship and would therefore be allowed to trade.
Deutschland
Main article: Deutschland
The Deutschland had a load capacity of 700 tonnes (mostly outside the pressure hull), and could travel to 15 knots on the surface and 7 knots while submerged. He had a crew of 29 men and was led by Paul Knigi, captain of a merchant ship ex surface.
On his first trip to America, departing on June 23, 1916, carried 163 tons of Deutschland coveted by chemical dyes, medicines as well as e-mail. Detected passing through the English Channel, she arrived in Baltimore on July 8, 1916 and soon reembarked with 348 tons of rubber, 341 tons of nickel and 93,000 tonnes tin, arriving back in Bremerhaven on August 25, 1916. She had traveled 8,450 miles naval, although only 190 of these submerged.
The result of the trip was 17.5 million Goldmark, more than four times the cost of construction, mainly because of high prices of patented, highly concentrated dye, which would cost $ 1,254 U.S. dollars per pound in 2005. In contrast, the raw materials brought covered the specific needs of the German war industry for several months.
The second trip in October to December the same year was also very successful, new trade in chemicals, pharmaceuticals and jewelry for rubber, nickel, and tin alloys. However, Germany was slightly damaged in a collision with a tug in New London. Upon his return Captain Paul knig wrote a book (or possibly had ghost-writer) on the voyages of Germany. The book was widely publicized as it was intended to influence public opinion in Germany and the U.S.
The third trip, scheduled for January 1917, has since been canceled after the U.S. entered the war against Germany. The declaration of war was partly because of anger over the U.S. the actions of German submarines, sinking transport to Britain, sometimes even outside American territorial waters. Germany has been taken over by German Imperial Navy cruiser and converted to the submarine (U Kreuzer) U-155 (a type of submarine with artillery to fight when added to the surface). It was successful on three cruises war, sinking 43 ships. After the war was brought to England as a war trophy in December 1918. Dismantled in 1921, the Boat's history ended with a tragic note, with 5 workers die due to an explosion ripping the sub during disassembly.
Bremen
Main article: Bremen
A second merchant submarine, the ship-sister of Germany, was launched on its maiden voyage in August 1916 at the Karl Schwartzkopf, but never reached the U.S.. His fate was not discovered decisive, although it may have collided with the armed British merchant cruiser HMS south of Mantua in Iceland, as has been theorized since the war. There is also circumstantial evidence that she could have reached a mine off the Orkney Islands.
Other boats
Six merchant submarines were still in the process of being built by Deutsche Ozean-Reederei when the U.S. entered the war in 1917. The construction of the merchant submarine was subsequently halted or changed in submarine cruisers like the fate of Deutschland.
In World War II submarine Germans used cow's milk to replenish your submarine hunters in the Atlantic. As these boats were part of Kriegsmarine (navy Nazi Germany), who carry weapons light (anti-aircraft guns), and never engaged in the trade as such, do not qualify as a submarine merchantmen. However, they shared lots of space load in relation to submarine their normal day.
Germany forcibly acquired five "merchant Italian submarine" (again with defensive weaponry and thus not legally merchant ships, although many of the characteristics appropriate) of a relatively large program after the Italian Armistice Italian in September 1943. For details see 'Italy' below.
Italy
World War II
The 12-boat class 'R' of 2100 tons submarines were designed in Italy to carry about 600 tons of cargo, with a surface speed of 13 knots and 6 knots submerged. A team of 63 men who operate a defensive armament of three 20mm cannon. Romulus and Remus were established in July 1942 in the backyard in Taranto Tosi, scheduled for release in March 1943. Dec large submarines built for service in combat have also been scheduled for conversion to merchant service, after his drawings were found unfit for use against Allied convoys. These were the Archimede 880-ton, 940 tons Barbarigo, the 951-ton Captain Cappellini, the 1,030 tonnes Bagnolini Alpine and Reginaldo Giuliani, 1,036 tons of Leonardo da Vinci and Luigi Torelli, the 1,331 tons Tazzoli Enrico and Giuseppe Finzi, and Cagni Ammaraglio 1504 tons.
Conversions were being performed in Bordeaux, with defensive weaponry limited to machine guns, while the load capacity of 160 tons of conversion also reduced the buoyancy of 2025% for 3.56%. Several French submarines captured in Bizerte have also been scheduled for conversion, and the 974-ton Phoque, Requin, Espadon and Dauphin.
The vessels were used in an eastern route from Bordeaux to Singapore (then in Japanese, so the Axis hands), with a load of steel, mercury and aluminum, steel bars welding, prototypes, pumps, 20mm cannon, tank designs and sights, and even a dozen passengers. return trip was loads of 110-155 tons of rubber, 44-70 tons of zinc, 5 tons of tungsten, 2 tons of quinine, two tons of opium, bamboo, rattan and passengers. Comandante Cappellini, Reginaldo Giuliani, and Enrico Tazzoli sailed from Bordeaux in May 1943. Completed their first two trips in July and August, but Enrico Tazzoli was destroyed by Allied bombers in the Bay of Biscay. Barbarigo was also destroyed during a match in June, but Luigi Torrelli arrived in Singapore in August.
After the Italian armistice in September, Giuseppe Finzi and Alpine Bagnolini were seized by Germany, while undergoing conversion in Bordeaux, and designated ITU and ITU-21-22, respectively. Reginaldo Giuliani, Commandante Cappellini, were seized and Luigi Torelli by the Japanese in the East Indies, given Germany, and designated ITU-23, ITU and ITU-24-25, respectively. ITU-22 departed for Bordeaux Sumatra in January 1944 and was destroyed by an RAF bomber squadron 262 Catalina out of South Africa in March. UIT-23 was sunk by British submarine HMS Tally-Ho in February. ITU-24 departed Sumatra to Bordeaux in February, but returned to Sumatra in March, after his ship was sunk refueling.
Other vessels, Ammiraglio Cagni delivered in South Africa, Archimede and Leonardo da Vinci were sunk before the conversion to merchant service as Romolo, Remo and Phoque French were sunk before loading. The remaining submarines "R" class were not completed and left the conversion work on the remaining three French submarines.
Soviet Union
Summary
The Soviet Union had plans to build submarines load, both during the Second World War and the Cold War, none of which eventuated. They do not count as submarines strictly commercial, as would have been at least lightly armed and used mainly for functions directly related to the war, such as providing providing troops or military forces to their targets. However, in the post-Cold War, the Soviet designers also proposed only applications peaceful.
World War II
In World War II submarines of the Soviet Union used (as well as other vessels) to supply the besieged port of Sevastopol Crimea. The largest can transfer up to 95 tons of cargo, loading up the torpedo tubes with supplies. About 4,000 tons were delivered about 80 races 27 submarines, although Sevastopol finally fell.
Based on this experience, the high command of the Soviet Navy initiated a program of submarine transport. A first project (Project 605) provided for a sub that was basically a barge towed, attached to a sub-type. This idea was discarded due to difficulties with the trailer. Later, a small project cargo submarine (Project 607), with a capacity of 250 to 300 tons of cargo and two cargo cranes in folding was proposed. No weapons beyond two deck guns were provided for, and design borrowed many existing parts from the previous VI and a series of submarine-bis VI to simplify construction. However, in 1943 the strategic situation had changed, and the plans were not executed.
Cold War
The Soviet Union planned and carried out almost various concepts for large cargo submarines during the years 1950 and 1960, although these would not have been considered as merchant ships, being seen as navy ships landing to transport troops. They would have been among the largest submarines of their day, if constructed.
See also: Amphibious assault submarine
Postwar Cold
In the 1990s, the project office Malachite proposed plans of submarines capable of carrying cargo containers or oil or by regions Arctic. It was anticipated that these vessels dive under the polar ice cap to travel directly between ports in Europe and Asia, and possibly northern Canada, with designers observing that:
"Given equal load capacity, the efficiency of a container ship underwater is considerably higher, for example, than that of a transport vessel of the type icebreaker Norilsk. The tanker is competitive underwater. "
The variants and container ship would follow the same design pattern military nuclear submarines, with the tanker plane carrying almost 30,000 tons of oil to be loaded and unloaded from the surface or underwater terminals. The container to carry 912 was normal (20 feet) of cargo containers, loaded within 30 hours through the portals, and by internal transport systems. However, these plans came to nothing in the narrow financial distress following the dissolution of the Soviet Union later in 1990.
A similar project was proposed by the Rubin Design Bureau with the "submarine cargo vessel", a redesign of civil famous Typhoon-class submarines of the Cold War.
United States
Summary
Similar to the ideas of post-Cold War Soviet Union, there has been some concept plans to use atomic-powered submarine tankers to explore oil fields Arctic, Alaska and Siberia. General Dynamics, apparently approached German shipyards during the 1980s about the possible construction of a U.S. 725 million U.S. dollars a nuclear-powered U.S. 700 million U.S. dollars or methane-powered version of liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanker for transporting submarine Arctic LNG to North America and Europe.
Other Uses
Another type (although the black market) commercial use is the known use of narco submarines or submarine drug "by drug traffickers. In one case, a Colombian drug cartel was interrupted before completing the construction of a professional-grade, 30 m long, carrying 200 tons capacity submarine apparently intended for the cocaine trade with the U.S. Ironically, at the time of the raid, the submarine was being constructed in segmented parts in a warehouse in the high Andes near Bogota. However, most drug subs so far are not as sophisticated Merchant professional as submarines would mostly destined to run just under the surface, rather than deeply submerged.
See also
Amphibious assault submarine
Submarine Cargo Ship
References
Abc ^ German submarine Deutschland Atlantic Crossing (information and transcript speech through the site's private 'FirstWorldWar.com)
abcde ^ See German version of this article in Handels-U-Boot (German). Some references have not is available in English.
^ abc The Submarine "Deutschland" (the site of 'ColorantsHistory.org. Accessed 2008-08-20.)
^ Directed Readings on the U-Boat War – Blake, East Carolina University, April 2003, Sam.
Aux 08/05/1914 ^ HMS Mantua (data sheet 'Clyde Warships " Website particular history of shipbuilding)
^ The U-151 Class, U-Kreuzer (from the site SteelNavy.com)
Warships of the world ^ Roger Kafka and Pepperburg, Roy L.; Cornell Maritime Press, 1946.
Abc ^ d Axis lock Runners World War II – Brice, Martin, Naval Institute Press, ISBN 0-87021-908-1, 1981.
^ abcde The first Soviet Giants – Polmar, Norman, book excerpt adapted for Undersea Warfare, Fall 2001, Issue 4, Volume 1
^ Submarine Plans Tanker – New York Times, Thursday, November 19, 1981
^''Submarine found in Colombian Andes – CNN website, Thursday, September 7, 2000
ved
Modern merchant vessels
Dry cargo
Barge Bulk Carrier Car Coaster float Collier Container ship Hopper barge heavy lift ship aboard Reefer vessel ship lighter car ferry RORO Train
Tankers
Chemical tanker FPSO cargo carrier
Passengers
cargo liner Cruise Cruiseferry Train ferry Ferry Ocean liner
Support
Supply vessel Dive support fireboat Tender Tugboat
Other
layer of cable crane vessel Drillship Dredger Fishing vessel Icebreaker Merchant submarine Research vessel Semi-submersible
Sizes, the smallest to largest: Handysize Handymax / Panamax Aframax Suezmax Capesize Supramax VLCC ULCC Other sizes: Seawaymax Malaccamax
Categories: Cargo submarines About the Author
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