Paddles Ready

Falklands War

Preparations for the conflict
Main article: Events leading to the Falklands War
In the period preceding the war, and especially after the transfer of power between the military dictator General Jorge Rafael Videla Roberto Eduardo Viola and General in late March 1981, Argentina had been in midst of a devastating economic crisis and large scale civil unrest against the military junta that ruled the country since 1976. In December 1981 there was a new regime change Argentine military brings to the office of a new military junta headed by General Leopoldo Galtieri (interim president), Brigadier Basilio Lami Dozo and Admiral Jorge Anaya. Anaya was the principal architect and defender of a military solution to the long-standing claim over the islands, calculating that the UK never respond militarily. In doing so the government hoped to mobilize long-Galtieri in Argentina "patriotic feelings for the islands and thereby divert public attention from the country, problems Chronic economy and the regime continued violations of human rights. These measures also enhance its legitimacy in decline. The newspaper La Prensa speculated in a step-by-step plan that starts with cutting the supply of the islands, ending the direct actions in late 1982, if the UN talks were unsuccessful.
The ongoing tension between the two countries over the islands increased on 19 March when a group of contracted scrap metal merchants raised the flag of Argentina Argentine South Georgia, an act that would later be seen as the first offensive action in the war. The military junta in Argentina, suspecting that the UK would reinforce its strength South Atlantic, he ordered the invasion of the Falkland Islands to be brought forward to April 2.
Admiral Jorge Anaya
Britain was initially taken by surprise by the Argentine attack on the South Atlantic islands, despite repeated warnings by the Royal Navy captain Nicholas Barker and others. Barker believed that the wishes to review Defence Secretary John Nott, 1981 to withdraw the Royal Navy ship HMS Endurance, Britain only naval presence in the South Atlantic, sent a signal to the Argentines that the UK was not ready and would soon be unable to defend their territories and subjects in the Falklands.
War
Invasion by Argentina
Main article: 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands
Main article: Invasion of South Georgia
On April 2, 1982, Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings of the Falkland Islands following the civil occupation of South Georgia on March 19 before the Falklands War began. The raid found organized a defense rated in the Falkland Islands "Lord Governor Rex Hunt to give command to Major Mike Norman of the Royal Marines, the landing of Lieutenant Commander Guillermo Sanchez-Sabarots" Amphibious Commandos Group, Moody Brook barracks attack, the engagement between the troops and Trollope Hugo Santillan Bill Stanley, and the last appointment and arrival at Government House.
British response to the initial invasion
HMS Invincible was a part of the task force.
Word of the raid, apparently first hit Britain via amateur radio.
The retaking of the Falkland Islands was considered extremely difficult: the main limitation was the difference in aerial coverage detachable (The British Harrier aircraft have 34 against Argentina, 220 jet fighters). The U.S. Navy considered a successful counter-invasion by the British to be "a military impossibility. "The United States initially tried to mediate an end to the conflict. However, when Argentina refused to U.S. peace deal, U.S. Secretary of State Alexander Haig announced that the United States to prohibit arms sales to Argentina and providing material support to British operations. Both chambers of Congress U.S. has adopted resolutions supporting the U.S. action siding with the United Kingdom.
In mid-April, the Royal Air Force has set up an airbase at Wideawake on the British overseas territory of the mid-Atlantic island of Ascension, including a sizable force of Avro Vulcan B Mk 2 bombers, Handley Page Victor K Mk 2 refueling aircraft, and McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR Mk 2 fighters to protect them. However, the main British naval task force arrived at Ascension to prepare for active service. A small force had been sent south to recapture South Georgia
Meetings began in April, the British Task Force was overshadowed Boeing 707 aircraft for the Argentine Air Force during his trip to the FAA map to the south. Several of these flights were intercepted by the BAE Sea Harrier outside the exclusion zone Britain imposed the 707 unarmed were not attacked because diplomatic moves were still ongoing and the United Kingdom has not yet decided to engage in strength armed. On 23 April a Brazilian commercial Douglas DC-10 Varig toward South Africa was intercepted by British Harriers visually identified in the civilian sphere.
Recapture of South Georgia and the attack of Santa Fe
The strength of South Georgia, Operation Paraquet, under the command of Major Guy Sheridan RM, consisted of Marines Naval Command 42, a troop of the Special Air Service (SAS) and Special Boat Service (SBS) troops that were intended to land as reconnaissance forces for an invasion of the Royal Marines. All were embarked on RFA Tidespring. First to arrive was the Churchill class submarine HMS Conqueror on April 19, and the island was over-flown by a radar mapping Handley Page Victor on April 20.
The first landings of SAS troops took place on April 21, butith the southern hemisphere autumn setting inhe weather was so bad that their landings and others made the next day were all withdrawn after two helicopters crashed in fog on Fortuna Glacier. On April 23, an alert sounded and submarine operations were suspended, with Tidespring being withdrawn to deeper waters to avoid interception. On April 24, British forces regrouped and headed for the attack.
In April 25, after refueling the Argentine garrison on South Georgia, the submarine ARA Santa Fe was seen on the surface of a Westland Wessex HAS Mk 3 helicopter HMS Antrim, which attacked the Argentine submarine with depth charges. HMS Plymouth Westland Wasp helicopter launched a HAS.Mk.1, and HMS Brilliant launched a Westland Lynx HAS Mk 2. The Lynx launched a torpedo, and strafed the submarine with its pintle mounted General Purpose Machine Gun, the Wessex also fired on the Santa Fe with his GPMG. The Wasp from HMS Plymouth as well as two other Wasps launched from HMS Endurance antiship missiles fired AS-12 ASM, the submarine, with hits. Santa Fe was damaged badly enough to prevent it from submersion. The crew abandoned the submarine at the pier of King Edward Point, South Georgia
With Tidespring now much of the sea and the Argentine forces increased the submarine's crew, Major Sheridan decided to gather the 76 men he had and make a direct attack on that day. After a short forced march by British troops, Argentine forces surrendered without resistance. The message sent from the naval force in South Georgia to London was "pleased to inform Her Majesty that the White Ensign flies alongside the Union Jack in South Georgia. God Save the Queen. "Prime Minister Thatcher broke the news to the media, telling them to" Just rejoice at this news! "
Black Buck raids
Main article: Operation Black Buck
RAF Avro Vulcan strategic bomber B.Mk.2.
By May 1 British operations on the Falkland Islands opened with the "Black Buck" attack (of a series of five) in the Stanley airfield. The effect invasions in the global war is difficult to determine, and the attacks consumed precious oil resources. The attacks caused minor damage to the track and damage to radar was quickly repaired. Commonly dismissed as propaganda after the war, were originally Argentine sources the source says attacks Vulcan influenced Argentina to withdraw some of its Mirage IIIs from southern Argentina to Buenos Aires Defense Zone. This deterrent effect was however mitigated when the British authorities made it clear that there would be no attacks on bases Airlines of Argentina.
Of the five Black Buck raids, three were against Stanley Airfield, with the other two anti-radar missions, using anti-radiation missiles Shrike.
The escalation of air warfare
Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Sea Harrier FRS1. The fancy paint scheme was changed to a more tedious route of the South
The Falklands had only three airfields. The longest and was only paved in the capital, Stanley, and it was too short to support fast jets. Therefore, the Argentines were required to launch their strikes in the large continent, severely hindering their efforts in preparing forward, the combat air patrols and air support Approximate over the islands. The time to take effective entry of Argentine aircraft was low, and were later forced to overfly British forces in any attempt to attack the islands.
The first major attack force consisted of 36 Argentine aircraft (McDonnell Douglas A-4 Skyhawk, Israel Aircraft Industries Daggers, English Electric Canberra B Mk 62, Dassault Mirage III and companions), and was sent on May 1, in the belief that the British invasion was imminent or had already occurred landings. Only one section Group 6 (IAI Dagger aircraft flying) found ships which were firing in defense of Argentina, near the islands. The Daggers managed to attack the ships and return safely. This much boosted morale of the Argentine pilots, who now knew they could survive an attack against modern warships, protected by ground radar clutter of islands and using a profile pop-up later.
Meanwhile, other Argentine aircraft were intercepted by BAE Sea Harriers operating from HMS Invincible. A dagger and a Canberra were overthrown.
Air Argentina IIIEA Force Mirage. Their lack of aerial refueling capability to prevent them from being used effectively on the islands of the air-air role.
Fighting broke out between Sea Harrier FRS Mk 1 fighters of No 801 Naval Air Squadron and Mirage III fighters of Grupo 8. Both sides refused to fight in the other's best altitude, until finally two Mirages declined to participate. One was shot down by an AIM-9L Sidewinder air-air missile (AAM), while the other escaped, but was damaged and without enough fuel to return to Continental air base. The plane made by Stanley, where he was the victim of "friendly fire" from the Argentine defenders.
As a result of this experience, the Argentine Staff of the Air Force decided to employ a-4 Skyhawks and Daggers simply as units of the strike, the only Canberra overnight, and Mirage IIIs (without aerial refueling capability or any capable AAM) as bait to lure the British Sea Harriers. The deception would be expanded with the formation of Escuadrón Fenix, a squad of civilian aircraft that fly 24 attack aircraft hours per day, simulating preparations to attack the fleet. In one of these flights, an Air Force Learjet was shot down, killing the squadron commander, Vice Commodore Rodolfo De La Colina, the highest ranking Argentine officer to die in war.
A Royal Navy Sea King helicopter rescues Sqn Ldr Jerry Pook, after he was forced bail out to sea. His Harrier GR3 was hit by ground fire west of Stanley on May 30.
Stanley was used as a strength of Argentina during the conflict. Despite Black Buck raids on the airfield and Harrier Stanley (not fast jets were stationed there for air defense) and overnight bombardment by individual ships, never was completely out of action. Stanley was defended by a mixture of surface to air missile (SAM) systems (Franco-German Roland and Tigercat UK) and Oerlikon Swiss built twin 35 mm anti-aircraft guns. Lockheed Hercules transport night flights brought supplies, weapons, vehicles and fuel, and transported the wounded to the end of the conflict. The few RN Sea Harriers were considered very valuable day for the risk of blocking operations at night, and his Blue Fox radar was not able to look down on the ground radar.
The only Argentine Hercules shot down by the British was lost on June 1, when TC-63 was intercepted by a Sea Harrier the light of day when she was looking for the British fleet north of the islands after the Argentine Navy retired its last SP-2H Neptune, because of the structure of friction.
Several options to attack the main base of five Argentines in Etendards Ro Grande were examined and discounted (Operation Mikado), later submarines Royal Navy lined up, submerged to the verge of Argentina territorial limit of 12 miles to provide early warning of bombings on the British task force
Shipwreck Belgrano
See also: Sinking of the ARA General Belgrano
ARA General Belgrano sinking.
Two separate British naval task forces (ships surface and underwater) and the Argentine fleet operating in the neighborhood of the Falklands, and soon came into conflict. The first naval loss was WWII vintage light cruiser ARA Argentina General Belgrano. The nuclear submarine HMS Conqueror sank the Belgrano on May 2. Three hundred and 23 crew members died on the Belgrano incident. Over 700 men were rescued from the sea open, despite cold seas and storms. Belgrano losses totaled just over half the deaths in Argentina in the Falklands conflict and the loss of the ARA General Belgrano hardened the stance Argentine government.
Regardless of controversies over the sinking, he had a fundamental strategic effect: the elimination of Argentine naval threat. After his loss, the entire Argentine fleet, except for the conventional submarine ARA San Luis, returned to the door and not leave again for the duration of hostilities. The two escort destroyers and battle group is centered on the aircraft carrier ARA Veinticinco Mayo both withdrew from the area, ending the direct threat to the British fleet that their pincer movement had represented.
In a separate incident later that night, British forces engaged a patrol gunboat Argentina, ARA Alferez Sobral. At the time, the Alferez Sobral was searching for the crew of the Argentine Air Force Canberra bomber electricity English slaughtered on May 1. Two Royal Navy Sea Bobcats Skua missiles fired four against it. Badly damaged and with eight crew dead, Sobral made it back to Puerto Deseado, two days later, but the Canberra crew were never found.
Initial reports conflated the two incidents, contributing to confusion about the number of victims and the identity of the ship that sank. The British tabloid The Sun greeted the initial reports of the attack with the headline "Gotcha." This first edition was published before the news was known that the Belgrano had really sunk (Reporting time, erroneously, that the gunboat had sunk), and did no reports of deaths Argentine real. The headline was replaced in later editions by the slightly more moderate "Did 1200 Argie drown?".
Sinking of HMS Sheffield
See also: Sinking of HMS Sheffield
French-made Super Etendard Argentine Naval Aviation.
On May 4, two days after the sinking of the Belgrano, the British lost the Type 42 destroyer HMS Sheffield to fire following an Exocet missile strike. Sheffield had been ordered to front with two other Type 42s to provide a long-range radar and missiles picket medium-high altitude away from the British carriers. She was hit amidships, with devastating effect, ultimately killing 20 crew members and seriously injuring 24 others. The ship was abandoned several hours later, gutted and deformed by fire, which continues to burn for another six days. She finally fell out of the Exclusion Zone Maritime on 10 May.
The incident is described in detail by Admiral Sandy Woodward in his book of one hundred days, the first chapter. Vagrant was a former commanding officer of Sheffield.
The pace of operations increased throughout the second half of May in UN attempts to mediate a peace were rejected by the British, who felt that any delay would make a campaign impractical in Atlantic storms The destruction of South Sheffield had a profound impact on the British public, bringing home the fact that the Falklands Crisis ", as the BBC News put it, was now a real "shooting war."
SAS operations
British propaganda leaflet intended for Argentine soldiers dropped during the Falklands. Titled "Islands of the condemned," Argentina warns ships and aircraft shall not enter the Falkland Islands exclusion zone.
Given the threat for the British fleet represented by the combination-Etendard Exocet, plans were made to use the Special Air Services troops to attack the main base of Etendards five in the Ro Grande, Tierra del Fuego. The operation was code named "Mikado." The aim was to destroy the missiles and aircraft that took him and kill the pilots in their rooms. Two plans were prepared and subjected to preliminary tests: a landing about fifty-five in two SAS aircraft Hercules C-130 directly on the runway Rio Grande, and infiltration of the 2004 SAS for inflatable boats brought a few miles from the coast by submarine. Neither plan was implemented, the previous air raid attracted the hostility of some members of the SAS, which saw the attack suggested a suicide mission. Ironically, the area of the Rio Grande would be served by four battalions total force of Infantry of the Argentine Navy Marine Corps of the Argentine Navy some of its employees were trained in the UK in previous years SBS.
After the war, the Argentine naval commanders admitted they were waiting for some sort of landing forces SAS, but did not expect to land a Hercules directly on their runways, although they pursued British forces still in Chilean territory is attacked.
A reconnaissance team was sent to perform SAS preparations for an infiltration by sea. Westland Sea King helicopter carrying the team took off from HMS Invincible called on the evening of May 17, but bad weather forced to land 50 miles (80 km) from its target, and the mission was aborted. The pilot flew to Chile and dropped off the SAS team, before setting fire to his helicopter and surrendering to Chilean authorities. The discovery of the helicopter fired attracted considerable international attention at the moment.
On May 14 the SAS carried out the attack on Pebble Island, the Falklands, where the Argentine Navy had taken a grass airfield for FMA IA 58 jars light attack aircraft floor and T-34 Mentors. The attack destroyed the aircraft there.
Landing at San Carlos Bomb Alley
Main article: Operation Sutton
Examples of landings in the Falkland Islands.
San Carlos landing sites.
The Force The Argentine Air-4C Skyhawk flying to the islands.
Gate guardian painted in the colors of the last A-4Q of the Argentine Navy to attack HMS Ardent. The pilot Lt. Marcelo Gustavo Marquez was killed in action.
During the night of May 21, the British Amphibious Task Group under the command of Commodore Michael Clapp (Commodore, Amphibious Warfare – COMAW) mounted Operation Sutton, the amphibious landing on the beaches around San Carlos Water, on the northwest coast of East Falkland Falkland oriented sound. The bay, known as Bomb Alley by British forces, was the scene of repeated air strikes by jets down in Argentina.
The 4,000 men of the three Commando Brigade were placed on the ground and follows: 2nd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment (2 Para) from the RORO ferry Norland and 40 Commando (Royal Marines) from the amphibious ship HMS Fearless were landed in San Carlos (Blue Beach), paragraph 3 of the amphibious ship HMS Intrepid were landed at the port of San Carlos (Green Beach) and 45 Commando RFA Stromness were landed at Ajax Bay (Red Beach). Notably, the waves of 8 and 8 LCVPs photoactivation were led by Major Ewen Southby-Tailyour who commanded the detachment of the Falklands just a year before. Command 42 the liner SS Canberra was a tactical reserve. Units of the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers etc. and tanks were also put ashore with the landing ships, the Round LSL table class mexeflote and barges. Rapier missile launchers were performed as underslung loads Sea King for rapid deployment.
At dawn the next day, they had established a secure beachhead from which to conduct offensive operations. From there Brigadier Thompson's plan was to capture Darwin and Goose Green before turning towards Port Stanley. Now, with British troops on the ground, the Argentine Air Force began bombing campaign against them using airplanes night Canberra bombers until the last day of the war (June 14).
At sea, the shortage of defenders of the British ships' anti-aircraft wreckage was demonstrated in HMS Ardent on May 21, HMS Antelope on May 21 and MV Atlantic Conveyor (hit by two Exocet AM39 missiles) on May 25, along with a vital cargo of helicopters, track construction equipment and tents. The loss of all but one of the Chinook helicopters are being transported across the Atlantic Conveyor was a severe blow from the standpoint of logistics. Also lost on this day was HMS Coventry, a sister to HMS Sheffield, whilst in the company of HMS Broadsword after being ordered to act as bait to attract Argentine aircraft of other ships in the Bay of San Carlos. HMS Argonaut and HMS Brilliant were badly damaged. However, many British ships escaped damage to the terminal because of the tactics of the Argentine pilots bombing.
To avoid the highest concentration of British air defenses, the Argentine pilots launched artillery from a very low altitude and, therefore, fusing his bomb did not have enough time to arm before impact. The launch of the bombing of low delay (some of which had been sold to the Argentines the British years earlier) meant that many never exploded, as there was insufficient time for them to arm in the air. A bomb drop free simple will, during the launch of low altitude, the impact almost directly below the aircraft, which is then within the zone of lethal fragmentation the resulting explosion. A bomb has delayed a small parachute or air brake that opens to reduce the pump speed to produce a safe separation between the two. The delayed fuse of a bomb requires a minimum time that the retarder is opened to ensure safe separation. The pilots would have been aware of this, but due to high levels of concentration to avoid SAM and AAA, as well as any British Sea Harriers, many failed to climb to the release point necessary. The problem was solved with the installation of improvised devices, delay, allowing low-level attack attacks as employed on June 08.
In his autobiographical account of the Falklands War, Admiral Woodward blames the BBC World Service for these changes to the pumps. The World Service reported the lack of detonations after receiving a report on the subject of an official of the Ministry of Defence. He describes the BBC as being more concerned with being "seekers without fear of the truth "than with the lives of British troops. 'H' Colonel. Jones made similar accusations against the BBC after they disclosed the impending British attack on Goose Green by 2 Para. Jones had threatened to take the prosecution of senior BBC officials for treason, but was unable to do so since he himself was killed in action around Goose Green.
Thirteen bombs hit British ships without detonating. Mr Craig, a retired Royal Air Marshal Force, is said to have remarked: "Six better fuses [sic] and we would have lost," though Ardent and Antelope were both lost despite the failure of the bombs explode. The fuses were functioning properly, and released the bombs were simply too low an altitude. The Argentines lost 22 aircraft in the attacks.
Battle of Goose Green
East Falkland showing San Carlos bridge, Teal Inlet, Mt Kent and Mt Challenger.
Main article: Battle of Goose Green
Since its inception in May 27 until May 28, two of Para, (500 men), with artillery support from 8 (Alma) Commando Battery (Royal Artillery), approached and attacked Darwin and Goose Green, who was held by the 12th Infantry Regiment of Argentina. After a fierce battle that lasted all night and the next day, 17 British and 47 Argentine soldiers were killed. A total of 961 Argentine soldiers (including 202 of the Argentine Air Force airfield Condor) were taken prisoner.
The BBC announced the taking of Goose Green on BBC World Service before it had really happened. It was during this attack that Lieutenant-Colonel H. Jones, commander of 2 Para was killed while charging for the well-prepared Argentina positions ahead of his battalion. He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.
With considerable force in Argentina Goose Green out of the way, the forces British were now able to leave the bridge of San Carlos. On May 27, the men of 45 Cdo and Para three began a march toward East Falkland loaded the coastal settlement of Teal Inlet.
Special forces on Mount Kent
Meanwhile, 42 Commando ready to go by helicopter to Mount Kent. Unknown for the senior British, the Argentine generals were determined to tie up British troops in the area of Mount Kent, and 27 and May 28 they sent planes transport loaded with missile Blowpipe surface-to-air and controls (602 and 601 Commando of the National Gendarmerie Special Forces Squadron) to Stanley. This operation known as Operation AUTOIMPUESTA (Self-Determination Initiative).
Next week, the Special Air Service (SAS) and the Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre of 3 Commando Brigade fought intense battles with patrolling patrols of 602 volunteers' Commando Company under Major Aldo Rico, normally 2IC of 22 Mountain Infantry Regiment. Throughout 30 May, Royal Air Force Harriers were active over Mount Kent. One Harrier XZ 963 flown by Squadron Leader Jerry Pook in response to a request help of D Squadron, attacked eastern lower slopes of Mount Kent, and that led to its loss by small arms fire. Pook was later awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.
soldiers entrenched in Argentina.
The Argentine Navy used his final attempt AM39 Exocet missile attack on HMS Invincible on May 30. There are allegations that the missile hit, but the British denied it, citing that some HMS Avenger shot down.
On May 31, Royal Marines Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre (M & AWC) defeated Argentine special forces in the Battle of Top Malo House. The 13-strong detachment of Argentine Army Commando (1 Captain Joseph Vercesi Assault Section, 602 Commando Company) found itself stuck in the house of a pastor in the small Top Malo. The commands Argentines fired from windows and doors and then took refuge in a bed of 200 meters (700 feet) from the burning house. Completely surrounded, they fought 19 M & AWC marines under Captain Rod Boswell for 45 minutes until, with their ammunition nearly exhausted, they elected to surrender.
Three Cadre members were seriously injured. On the Argentine side, there were two dead, including Lt. Ernesto Espinoza and Sergeant Mateo Sbert (which were decorated for bravery). Only five Argentines were unharmed. As the British swept Top Malo House, Down Hill came Malo M Haddow Lieutenant Fraser's & patrol AWC, waving a large Union Flag. A soldier wounded Argentine Horacio Losito lieutenant, commented that his escape route would have taken them through the position Haddow.
Commandos Major Mario Castagneto 601 tried to come up with Kawasaki motorcycles and commanded Land Rovers to rescue 602 Commando Company on Estancia Mountain. Spotted by 42 Commando Royal Marines, who were involved with 81mm mortars and forced to retreat to the mountains two sisters. Captain Eduardo Villarruel Mountain Resort realized that his position became untenable, and after conferring with fellow officers ordered a withdrawal.
Operations in Argentina also saw the extensive use of helicopter support for the position and extract patrols, the 601 Combat Aviation Battalion also suffered casualties. At 11:00 of May 30, an Aerospatiale SA-330 Puma was overthrown by a Stinger shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles (SAM) fired by the SAS in the vicinity of Mount Kent. Six National Gendarmerie Special Forces were killed and eight injured in the accident.
As Brigadier Julian Thompson commented: "It was fortunate that I had ignored the views expressed by Northwood that recognition of Mount Kent before insertion of 42 Commando was superfluous. Had there been no D Squadron, Special Forces in Argentina would have caught the Commando before landing and in the darkness and confusion in a strange landing zone, inflicted heavy casualties in men and helicopters. "
Bluff Cove and Fitzroy
Main article: Bluff Cove Disaster
The Hulk abandoned by Sir Tristram in Fitzroy.
Until June 1, with the arrival of another 5,000 British soldiers of the 5th Infantry Brigade, the British commander of the new division, Major-General Jeremy Moore RM, had sufficient strength to begin planning an offensive against Stanley. [Quote] Needed
During this construction, Argentina's air assaults on the British naval forces continued, killing 56 people. Of those killed, 32 were from the Welsh Guards in the RFA Sir Galahad and RFA Sir Tristram on June 8. According to the Surgeon Commander Rick Jolly Falklands Field Hospital, over 150 men suffered burns and injuries of some sort of attack, including, famously, Simon Weston.
Guards were sent to support an advance running along the southern approach to Stanley. On 02 June a small advance party of two Para Swan moved house into a series of Army Westland Scout helicopters. Please call ahead to Fitzroy, they found the area free of Argentines and (going beyond the skills) led the rest of the RAF Chinook helicopter to ferry frantically another contingent of 2 Para in front of Fitzroy (a village in Port Pleasant) and Bluff Cove (a solution to confusion and perhaps ultimately fatally, in Port Fitzroy).
This uncoordinated caused nightmares for advance planning commanders of the combined operation, as now seen with a 30 miles (48 km) sequence of indefensible positions on its southern flank. Could not support be sent by air as the sole remaining Chinook was already vacant. The soldiers could march, but their heavy equipment and would need to be transported by sea. The plans were prepared for half of the Welsh Guards to march light on the night of June 2, while the Scots Guards and the second half of the Welsh Guards were to be transported from San Carlos water landing ship logistics (LSL) Sir Tristram and landing platform dock (LPD) Intrepid on the evening of June 5. Intrepid was planned to stay a day and discharge and how much of Sir Tristram possible, so the next night to the relative safety of San Carlos. Escorts would be supplied by that day, after which Sir Tristram would be left to download using a Mexeflote (A raft powered) during the time it took to complete.
Political pressure from top to avoid the risk of LPD Commodore Clapp forced to alter this plan. Two LSLs smaller amount would be sent, but no beaches suitable for the earth, the vessels Intrepid landing will accompany them to unload. A complicated operation on several nights with the Intrepid and her sister ship Fearless sailing halfway shipment his office was designed. The march by land attempted for half of the Welsh Guards failed, possibly as they refused to march light and tried to get his equipment. They returned to San Carlos and were landed directly at Bluff Cove when Fearless dispatched his landing craft. Sir Tristram departed on the evening of June 6 and was joined by Sir Galahad at dawn on June 7. Anchored 1,200 feet (370 m) away in Port Pleasant, the landing ships were near Fitzroy, the designated landing point.
The landing craft should have been able to unload ships at that point relatively quickly, but confusion over the point disembarcation ordered (the first half of the Guard goes straight to Bluff Cove) resulted in the senior Welsh Guards infantry officer aboard insisting his troops be transported long distances very directly at the Fitzroy / Bluff Cove. The alternative was for the infantry to march across the bridge, recently repaired Bluff Cove (Destroyed by retreating engineers Combat Argentina) to its destination, a journey of about seven miles (11 km).
In the stern ramp Sir Galahad, had an argument about what to do. The policemen who were on board said they could not navigate to Bluff Cove that day. They were told they had to get his men off the ship and the beach as soon as possible, the vessels were vulnerable to enemy aircraft. It would take 20 minutes to transport men to the beach with the LCU and Mexeflote. They would then have the choice to walk the 7 miles to Bluff Cove or wait until the night to sail there. The officers on board said they would remain on board until the evening and then the candle. They refused to take his men off the ship. They probably doubted that the bridge had been repaired due to the presence on board Sir Galahad Royal Corps of Engineer whose job was to repair the bridge. Welsh Guards were eager to join the rest his battalion who were potentially facing the enemy without their support. They also had seen no enemy aircraft from landing at San Carlos and may have been over-reliance on air defense. Ewen Southby-Tailyour gave a direct order for men to leave the ship and go to the beach. The order was ignored.
The travel time of vessels, taking the troops directly to Bluff Cove and disputes over how the landing was to be performed caused enormous delay in unloading. This had disastrous consequences. Unescorted, has not yet established their air defense, and still almost fully charged, the two LSLs in Port Pleasant were sitting targets for two waves of Argentine A-4 Skyhawk.
The disaster in Port Pleasant (although often known as Bluff Cove) would provide the world with some of the more sober picture of war as the television showed images Video news helicopters hovering Navy in thick smoke to winch survivors of the landing craft of recording. British casualties were 48 killed and 115 wounded. 3 Argentine pilots were also killed. However, the Argentine General Mario Menendez, commander of the Argentine forces in the Falklands, it was said that 900 British soldiers died. He expected that losses would cause the moral downfall of the enemy and attack the British tent.
The fall of Stanley
British paratroops guard prisoners Argentine war Cleaning Port Stanley.
Notable battles:
Battle of Mount Harriet
Battle of Mount Longdon
Battle of Wireless Ridge
Battle of the Bulge Tumbledown
Battle of Two Sisters
On the night of June 11, after several days of recognition and meticulous logistical build-up, British forces launched a brigade-sized night attack against the heavily defended ring of high ground around Stanley. Units of 3 Commando Brigade, supported by naval gunfire from several vessels Royal Navy, simultaneously assaulted in the Battle of Mount Harriet, Battle of Two Sisters, and Battle of Mount Longdon. Mount Harriet was taken at a cost of two British soldiers and 18 Argentines. In two sisters, the British faced resistance from the enemy and friendly fire, but managed to win their goals. The hardest battle was on Mount Longdon. The British forces were bogged down by assault rifle, mortars, machine guns, artillery fire, snipers and ambushes. Nevertheless, the British continued their advance.
During this battle, 13 were killed when HMS Glamorgan, straying too close to shore, while returning from the line gun, was struck by a piece improvised launcher MM38 Exocet trailer-based destroyer ARA Safety withdrawn by Argentine Navy technicians. On this day, Sergeant Ian McKay of 4 Platoon, B Company, 3 Para died in a grenade attack on a bunker in Argentina, which earned him a posthumous Victoria Cross. After a night of fierce fighting, all objectives were secured. Both sides suffered heavy losses.
The night of June 13 was the start of the second phase of attacks, in which the dynamics of the initial assault was sustained. Para 2, with the support tank captured Wireless Ridge, the Battle of Wireless Ridge, in a loss of three British and 25 Argentine dead, and the second battalion, Scots Guards captured Mount Tumbledown at the Battle of Mount Tumbledown, which cost 10 British dead and killed 30 Argentines.
The pile of discarded weapons Argentina in Port Stanley.
With the last line of defense of the natural Mount Tumbledown breached the defenses of the Argentine city of Stanley began to falter. In the morning gloom, one company commander got lost and his junior officers became despondent. Private Santiago Carrizo of the 3rd Regiment described how a platoon commander ordered them to take up positions in houses and "If one resists kelp, killing him," but the entire company did nothing of the sort.
The commander of the Argentine garrison in Stanley, Brigade General Mario Menndez, given to Major General Jeremy Moore. 9800 troops Argentina were made prisoners of war and some 4,167 under the command of Maj. Carlos Eduardo Carrizo-saviors, were repatriated to Argentina on the liner Canberra alone.
Surrender of Uruguay Corvette
On June 20, the British retook the South Sandwich Islands, (which involved accepting the surrender of the Thule base in South Garrison Corvette Uruguay) and declared hostilities over. Corvette Uruguay Argentina had established in 1976, but before 1982 the UK had challenged the existence of the database only through Argentina diplomatic channels.
Accidents
"Monumento a los ed en Malvinas' (Monument to the fallen of the Malvinas Islands) in Plaza San Martín, Buenos Aires.
The Argentine military cemetery on East Falkland.
San Carlos War Memorial and Cemetery, Falkland Islands.
In total 907 were killed during the 74 days of the conflict:
Argentina – 649
Ejrcito Argentino (Army) – 194 (16 officers, 35 sergeants and 143 soldiers conscripts)
Armada de la República Argentina (Navy) – 341 (including Belgrano 321 and 4 naval aviators)
Imara (Marines) – 34
Fuerza Area Argentina (Air Force) – 55 (including 31 pilots and 14 ground crew)
Argentina National Gendarmerie (Border Guard) – 7
Argentine Naval Prefecture (Coast Guard) – 2
civilian sailors – 16
UK – 258
Royal Navy – 86 + 2 launderers Hong Kong (see below)
Royal Marines – 27 (two officers, 14 sergeants and 11 marines)
Royal Fleet Auxiliary – 4 + 4 launderers Hong Kong
Merchant Marine – 6 + 2 sailors Hong Kong
British Army – 123 (7 officers, 40 sergeants and 76 enlisted)
Royal Air Force – 1 (staff)
civil Falklands Islands – 3 (three women killed by friendly fire)
Of the 86 Royal Navy personnel, 22 were lost on HMS Ardent, 19 + 1 lost in HMS Sheffield 18 + 1 lost in HMS Coventry and HMS Glamorgan lost in 13. Fourteen naval cooks were among the dead, the highest number of any branch of the Royal Navy.
Thirty-three British Army of the dead were from the Welsh Guards, 21 of the 3rd Battalion, Parachute Regiment, 18 2nd Battalion, the Parachute Regiment, 19 Special Air Service (SAS), the Royal Signals 3 and 8 of each of the Scots Guards and Royal Engineers.
As well as memorials on the islands, there is a memorial to British war dead in the crypt of London, St. Paul's Cathedral. There is a memorial in the Plaza San Martín in Buenos Aires to the Argentine war dead, another in Rosario, and a third in Ushuaia.
During the war, British dead were placed in plastic body bags and buried in mass graves. After the war, the bodies were removed, taking account of the funeral and then buried. Argentina dead were buried on the islands during the war. The UK has offered to send the body back to Argentina, but the Argentina refused, knowing that the remains would ensure a continuous presence in Argentina over the islands. There is a cemetery for the dead in Argentina over the islands.
There were 1,188 Argentine and 777 British non-fatal casualties. More information about hospitals and hospital ships are in Ajax Bay, list of hospitals and hospital ships of the Royal Navy, HMS Hydra. In the Argentine side, next to the Military Hospital in Port Stanley, the Argentine Air Force Mobile Field Hospital was deployed in Comodoro Rivadavia and ships of the Argentine Navy ARA Almirante Irizar ARA Bahia Paraiso and were converted to hospital ships
Although some have been cleared, a substantial number of minefields still exist on islands like this in Port William in East Falkland.
There are 125 minefields on the Falkland Islands to establish and UXO are scattered throughout the battlefield because of the soft peat soil. According to the Falklands via forcesmemorial.org.uk 25's "official commemorative publication" 30 British servicemen died in the islands since the end of hostilities.
See also the Argentine and British ground forces in the Falklands War
Result
Main article: Consequences of the Falklands War
This short war has brought many consequences for all parties involved, besides the great loss of human lives and material.
In Britain, Margaret Thatcher won her the time and support needed for its economic measures to take effect, received national pride a big boost of confidence and security, the Royal Navy proved its worth once again. Later, Nott's proposal cuts to the Royal Navy, were abandoned.
Islanders, subsequently restored full British citizenship in 1983, his lifestyle has been improved through investments in Britain after the war and the liberalization economic measures that had been paralyzed by fear of angering Argentina. In 1985 a new constitution was promulgated to promote self-government, which has continued to fall power to the islanders.
The war for Argentina also had an effect on the way to avoid a possible war with Chile and, more importantly, the return of democracy. He had a great social impact, destroying the image of the military as the nation's moral reserve that he held for most of the 20th century.
Public Relations
Argentina
Selected war correspondents were regularly transported to Port Stanley in military aircraft to report on the war. Back in Buenos Aires newspapers and magazines faithfully reported "the heroic actions of the largely conscript army and its successes."
Officials of the intelligence services were attached to newspapers and "leaked" information confirming the communiqus government official. Women's magazines People and Siete Das increased to sixty pages Colour photographs of British warships on fire – many of them false – and false statements commands Argentine guerrilla war in South Georgia on May 6 and an attack has already Pilot dead in small pots HMS Hermes (Lt. Daniel Antonio Jukic had been killed at Goose Green during a British air raid on May 1). Most of the pictures really fake came from the tabloid press.
Argentine troops on the Falkland Islands could read newspaper Gaceta Argentina intended to boost morale among the soldiers. Some of his falsehoods could easily be discovered by the soldiers who recovered corpses.
The course Malvinas united Argentines in a patriotic atmosphere that protected the junta's critics, and even Opponents of the military government supported Galtieri, Ernesto Sabato said, "Do not be fooled, Europe is not a dictatorship that is fighting for the Malvinas, is the whole nation. Opponents of the military dictatorship, like me, are struggling to eradicate the last vestiges of colonialism. "Even the Madres de Plaza de Mayo were exposed to threats from ordinary people.
HMS Invincible was sunk in the Argentine press repeatedly, and on April 30, 1982, the Argentine magazine "Tal Cual showed UK PM Margaret Thatcher, with an eye patch and text: witch pirate and murderer. Guilty!
Three British reporters sent to cover the country to war the "other side" were imprisoned until the end of the war.
United Kingdom
The Sun "Gotcha" headline.
Seventeen journalists, two photographers, two radio reporters and three TV reporters, with five technicians sailed with the Task Force for the war. The editors of newspapers and magazines Association of them selected from among 160 candidates, excluding the foreign media. Due to the hasty departure, not all of them were "right things": HMS Invincible in the two journalists were interested in anything but the Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Andrew, son.
Merchant vessels had the Inmarsat uplink civilians, which allowed written report telex and voice transmissions via satellite. Canberra had a facsimile machine that was used to load 202 images of the South Atlantic on the course the war. The Royal Navy leased bandwidth on the U.S. defense satellite communications system for communications around the world. Television requires a thousand times the data rate of the phone, but the Defense Ministry were unsuccessful in convincing the U.S. to allocate more bandwidth. TV producers suspected that the investigation was shy; as the television images of the Vietnam War victims and traumatized soldiers were recognized as having negative propaganda value. However, technology alone is allowed to upload a single frame for 20 minutes – and only if, military satellites have been allocated 100% for television broadcasts. Videotapes were sent to Ascension Island, where a satellite uplink in broadband was available, resulting in television coverage of a three-week delay.
The press was very dependent on the Royal Navy, and was censored at the site. Many reporters in the UK know more about war than those with the Task Force.
The Royal Navy Fleet Street expects to make a World War II-style campaign of positive news, but most of the British media, especially the BBC, reported the war a neutral manner. These reporters referred to "British troops" and "Argentine troops" instead of "our boys" and dehumanized "Argie". The two main tabloid newspapers had opposing views: the Daily Mirror was decidedly anti-war, as the sun became famous for his ultranationalist and xenophobic headlines, including the title April 20 "Stick It Up Your Junta!", and was sentenced to "Gotcha headline" following the sinking of the ARA General Belgrano.
Cultural impact
Main article: Cultural impact of the Falklands War
Front cover of Newsweek, April 19, 1982. HMS Hermes portrayed.
There was a pervasive influence on popular culture, both in the UK and Argentina, from the immediate postwar period to the present. Words yomp Exocet and Britain entered the vernacular as a result of the war. The Falklands War also provided material for theater, film and TV drama and influenced the production of musicians, including (among others) Iron Maiden, Pink Floyd, New Order, Gang of Four, Joe Jackson, Crass, Dire Straits (Brothers in Arms music was played in remembrance of fallen soldiers), New Model Army, the neighborhood Levellers, Steve Dahl, Latin, Super Furry Animals, and Elvis Costello, whose song "Shipbuilding," sung by Robert Wyatt, reached the UK top 40.
See also
Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
Restoration of British rule over the Malvinas Islands (1833)
Beagle conflict between Chile and Argentina in 1978
Sovereign Military Operation Planning Argentina vs. Chile
British logistics in the War Falklands
Argentine air forces in the Falklands War
British air services in the Falklands War
Operation Algeciras A failure to plan conceived by the Argentine military to send some Montoneros sabotage the British military facilities in Gibraltar.
Notes
^ "Falklands 25: Perspective background. "Defence Ministry. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/Falklands25BackgroundBriefing.htm. Retrieved 1/11/2009.
^ "Ministerio de Defense – República Argentina "(in Spanish). Www.mindef.gov.ar. Http://www.mindef.gov.ar/veteranos Malvinas.html. Retrieved 1/11/2009.
^ Location: "War Falkland Islands Falkland Islands "Islas Malvinas alkland SLAs (linkback: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War)
^ Location, "the Falklands War South Georgia "outh Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, K (linkback: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War)
Ab ^ "Falkland Islands – History "conflict of 1982 Raf.mod.uk. http://www.raf.mod.uk/falklands/rollofhonour.html Retrieved 01/10/2004 02/07/2010 ….
Argentine Foreign Office ^ February 11, 2010
^ Constitución Nacional: "La Argentina Nacin su ratification is legitimate and inalienable About Sovereign las Islas Malvinas, Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur y los espacios martyrs and islands which correspond, by services integral part del territorio nacional "
^ "What Cmo avoid London convierta independiente a las Malvinas en un state. "Clarin.com. http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/zona/2007/04/01/z-03415.htm. Retrieved 2/7/2010.
^ "Argentina – The horrors of a dictatorial past alive – Radio Netherlands Worldwide – English "Radionetherlands.nl http://www.radionetherlands.nl/currentaffairs/arg060330mc 30/03/2006 Retrieved 02/07/2010 …..
^ (Spanish) Malvinas, La Secret Plot. Buenos Aires: Sudamericana / Planeta. 1983. ISBN 9789503700068. Page [required]
^ "Awakening to see that tena orgullo y con el otra cosa con Nacional. Altieri La Junta me dijo it never crey What pelea los daran Briton. L CREA What haba West is corrupt. Let them Briton Dios no Tenan, which U.S. IF haba corrupted … I could never convince ellos lo That no iban a pelear slo, iban a ganar What adems. "(" This was not nor national pride, or anything else. Altieri The junta told me that he never believed that the British reply. He thought that the West was corrupt. That the British people had not God, that America was corrupt … I could never convince him that the British did not only fight but win [the war] ") La Nacin / Islas Malvinas Online. "Haig". Malvinas fue mi Waterloo "# http://www.malvinasonline.com.ar/g82/artic/aresp004.htm Haig Retrieved September 21, 2006 … [Dead link] (Spanish)
^ Ministerio de Educacin, Ciencia y de la Nacin Technology "(PDF). http://www.me.gov.ar/curriform/publica/sirlin_conv_dictadura.pdf. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
Abc ^ Jimmy Burns: The land that lost its heroes, 1987, Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 0-7475-0002-9
^ "En'' Buenos Aires, La Junta comenzar a estudiar la posibilidad occupy Islas Malvinas y las Georgias That drops them Briton reforzarlas pudieran''. Portierramaryaire.com http://www.portierramaryaire.com/arts/malvinas_1.php .. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
^ Briley, Harold (April 9, 1997). "Obituary: Captain Nicholas Barker" (Subscription required for online access via NewsUK hemeroteca site). The Independent: p. 16. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_dat=xri:pqil:res_ver=0.2&res_id=xri:newsuk&rft_id=xri:newsuk:newsart:36868535. Retrieved September 23, 2009.
^ "High cost cuts, The | Spectator, The | Find Articles at BNET.com. Findarticles.com. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_199705/ai_n8781734. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
^ Margolis, Laurie (4/2/2007). "UK | How BBC man scooped invasion news." BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6514011.stm. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
Hundred Days ^ Woodward, Admiral Sandy (1992) Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, p.72. ISBN 9781557506511, ISBN 9781557506528. Already in To Rule The Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World Herman, The (2004) Harper Collins, New York, p.560
^ Grimmett, F. Richard (June 1, 1999). "Foreign Policy functions of the President and of the Congress. U.S. Department of State. Http: / / # fpc.state.gov/6172.htm President_as_Initiator. Retrieved 2/24/2010.
^ Brown 1987, p. 110
^ ab "Submarine Operations During the Falklands War – U.S. Naval War College." http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA279554. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
^ "1982: Marines land in South Georgia." BBC. April 25, 1982. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/25/newsid_2503000/2503977.stm. Retrieved June 20, 2005.
^ "… For 21 pumps to Port Stanley will take about a million and one hundred thousand pounds of fuel equaled -. [sic] about 137 thousand gallons That was enough fuel to fly Sea Harrier 260 bombing missions over Port Stanley. That in turn meant little more than 1,300 bombs. Interesting things page 186 in Sharkey Ward! Sea Harrier over the Falklands in 1992, Cassell Military Paperbacks, ISBN 0-304-35542-9
^ "Propaganda was, of course, more used later to try to justify these missions: "The Mirage IIIs were redrawn from southern Argentina to Buenos Aires to add to the defenses there following the invasion Vulcan Islands. "Apparently, the logic behind this statement is that if the Vulcan could hit Port Stanley, [sic] Buenos Aires was well within reach as well and was vulnerable to similar attacks. I never went along with this nonsense. Vulcan solitary or two running to attack Buenos Aires without the support of the fighter had been shot to hell in quick time. "-" Mirage IIIs were in evidence near the islands on several occasions during the conflict, either accompanying the missions reconnaissance flights in Neptune or "interference" that tried to draw attention away from CAP land-air attacks. "-" Just say you do not need more than one or two Mirage IIIs to intercept an attack in Buenos Aires Vulcan "-" It would have taken much more than a lone Vulcan raid to disrupt Buenos Aires, pages 247-48, in Sea Harrier over the Falklands
^ "Offensive Air Operations of the Falklands War." Globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/DWF.htm. "As a result of heavy losses … it was decided to withdraw the Mirage III to the mainland to stay alert for a possible attack of Vulcan. "
^ "The conflict of the Malvinas Islands, 1982: Fleet Air Defense." Globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/HJA.htm. "Finally, the bombing caused the Argentines feared a bombing raid on the continent, causing them to keep some Mirage aircraft and missiles for defense Roland."
^ "La Familia Mirage" (in Spanish), Aeroespacio (Fuerza Aérea Argentina), ISSN 0001-9127, http://www.aeroespacio.com.ar/site/anteriores/520-528/520/mirage.htm "," Los III M el defender deban Argentine continental territory Attacks los posibles de la RAF Vulcan bombers toasting ESCORT cazabombarderos a los de la FAA, and PREVENT Attacks los Aviones de la Royal Navy y las de la RAF About Malvinas. "
("The M III would defend the Argentine mainland against possible attacks from RAF Vulcan bomber, providing fighter escort bombers to the FAA, and to avoid attacks by aircraft of the Royal Navy and RAF over the Falklands ".)"
^ "The conflict of the Malvinas Islands, 1982: Fleet air defense." Globalsecurity.org. Http: / / www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/HJA.htm. " "Unfortunately, the British Secretary of State for Defence announced some time later that Britain would not bomb targets in the Argentine mainland. This statement was undoubtedly welcomed by the Argentine military command, while allowing very limited number of Roland SAM to be deployed around the airfield at Stanley. "
^ Rodrguez Mottin, Horacio: La Argentina en Malvinas Artillería. Clo Ed, 1985. Page 170
Fuerza ^ "Area of Argentina." Fuerzaaerea.mil.ar. Http: / / www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/conflicto/caidos/baja01.html. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
^ "Noticias". Madryn.gov.ar. 02/04/2009. http://www.madryn.gov.ar/noticias.php?newsid=3213. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
^ Sharkey Ward (2003). Sea Harrier Over The Falklands. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35542-9.
^ "Argentina Fuerza Area." Fuerzaaerea.mil.ar. http://www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/conflicto/dias/jun01.html. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
^ "ASN Aircraft accident description in Lockheed C-130H Hercules CT-63 -. Pebble Island "Aviation safety.net-http: / / aviation-safety.net/database/record.php? Id = 19820601-0 & lang = en Retrieved 2/7/2010 …
^ Evans (November 27, 2007) Michael. Underwater and undercover: how nuclear subs were first line of defense of the Falklands. " Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article2950936.ece.
^ Admiral Sandy Woodward, One Hundred Days, page 8. ISBN 9780007134670
^ "SAS vs Exocet". www.eliteukforces.info. 10/27/2007. http://www.eliteukforces.info/articles/sas-versus-exocets.php # Prof. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
^ Smith, Michael (March 8, 2002). "" Suicide mission "to end SAS Exocet missiles." http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/03/08/nfalk08.xml.
^ Middlebrook, P. 75.
^ La Infanta Marina de la Armada Argentina en el conflicto del Sur Atlantic, ISBN 987-433-641-2
^ Thatcher in the dark on sinking of Belgrano – Times Online [dead link]
^ Location: "Bomb Alley" a Carlos Water, alkland Islands (linkback: Landing_at_San_Carlos_.E2.80.94_Bomb_Alley http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War #)
^ Yates, David (2006). Falkland Islands 1982 – Bomb Alley. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781844154173. Page [required]
^ "Americas | Charles ends Falklands tour on sombre note. "BBC News. 03/15/1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/297414.stm. Retrieved 2/7/2010.
^ Rumley, Leesa (06/01/2007). "Captain Hart Dyke, commander of HMS Coventry''''". BBC News. Http: / / news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6705387.stm. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
Ab ^ Sandy Woodward (2003). Hundred Days: Memoirs of a commander of the Falklands Battle Group. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-0071-3467-3, ISBN 9781557506511, ISBN 9781557506528 ..
^ "British Ships Sunk and Damaged – Falklands War of 1982 Naval history.net-http: / / www.naval-history.net/F62brshipslost.htm Retrieved 02/07/2010 ….
^ Gethin Chamberlain (April 5, 2002). "Is that British forces could retake the Falklands today?" (Subscription required for access services file). The Scotsman: p. 12. Retrieved on April 5, 2002. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_dat=xri:pqil:res_ver=0.2&res_id=xri:newsuk&rft_id=xri:newsuk:newsart:112991016.
^ "The Falklands conflict: History: Battles." Royal Navy. 04/02/1982. http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3956. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
^ [May 21/27th: 9 Dagger, 5 A-4C, three A-4Q, three A-4B and two Pucara]
^ Location: "Kent Hill Kent ount, alkland Islands (linkback: Special_forces_on_Mount_Kent http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War #)
^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 49134, p. 12854, October 8, 1982. Retrieved on February 19, 2010.
^ "Argentine Aircraft of the Malvinas." Britains-smallwars.com. http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/Exocet.html. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
^ "Air Force Argentina – Group 5." Skyhawk.org. http://www.skyhawk.org/2e/argentina/argentina-af4th5th.htm. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
^ "Super Etendard. Operationcorporate.com. 29/05/2007. http://www.operationco … About the Author

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